The Temple of Artemis

The Temple of Artemis of Ephesus in Turkey, on the Aegean, is Turkey’s most famous ancient architectural monuments, rated as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Temple around 652 BC, the beginning of construction, when the wooden structure. The second building, the use of stone buildings. The third was rebuilt in 570 BC, a total it took 10 years.

At that time Ephesus was a large wealthy state, hired the famous architect of ancient Greece, resulting in the ancient Asia’s first Ionic columns temple. 550 BC, the Lydian king Kelesuosi built again, and off for the next 100 years to complete. Third and fourth the size of the construction of the temple laid, from famous.

The Temple of Artemis is a rectangular white marble building, a long 125 meters wide and 60 meters high 25 meters, covers an area of more than 6300 square meters. The corridors of the temple there are 137 columns, all with marble and each cylinder is about 20 meters high, the bottom diameter of 1.59 meters, pillar of strange things, the whole building looks as if a forest of pillars, giving a solemn , quiet and harmonious feeling. Marble columns of the lower part of the pillar are embossed figures of various shapes, sleek, form lifelike, life-like.

Capitals plate by a plate with three seat frame edge surface composition of the surface of disk blocks are decorated with a row of decorative lace-like teeth, in the box above the edge is inscribed with four chariots of relief, meticulous delicate, exquisite anomaly . The temple was destroyed in 356 BC. After Alexander Wang’s help, according to the original architectural style rebuild, and more magnificent. In the long years, A Temple of Artemis have been repeatedly looted and become devastated. However, people from the remnants of the building now remains of the foundation and pillars can still imagine it is the majesty of the year.

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The temple of Zeus

The temple of Zeus is the religious center of Greek, and civilians from the city sent many different types of offerings. Centuries, has been in the open air altar Koubai Zeus. An altar dedicated to Zeus, is said to be using a variety of offerings made of the ashes. The Temple of Zeus was built in 470 BC, the fifth century BC by a local architect Libon of Elis supervisor to build a magnificent temple, as the Temple of Zeus, and was completed in 456 BC, the temple Miaohou The statue is used Paros island marble, and the sculptor Phidias is responsible for Statue of Zeus.

Chevron eaves decorated temple on the west side of the many statues, full style in Athens. Was necessary in order to the Temple of Athens-style statue, or because of Phidias’s reputation far and wide, building temples are particularly requested him to Olympia to work as a sculpture, and now go undiscovered.

One argument is that Phidias in the Parthenon sculptures of Athena Colossus when he was accused of misappropriation of valuable material, subjected to Bianchu left exile hometown of Athens, had life, they die Olympia. This is the only credible argument is that it is the name of Phidias and the then politicians Pericles is a friend of his reputation to take any enforcement actions would have a negative impact on Pericles, so the Philippines Diaz began to flee.

In the Olympia excavations carried out by the modern, the earliest one in 1829 presided over by the French expedition. Lasted six weeks. So that modern people have more understanding of the Olympia, it is the German expedition. They started in 1875, almost never stopped to explore, although the Temple of Zeus were identified, as well as decorative statues, and partially restored the original shape of the Temple of Zeus, but has found no traces of its own Statue of Zeus. However, from 1954 to 1958, the archaeologists discovered a series of exciting work in a place not far from the Temple of Zeus, the work of local ruins dug Phidias, shape, size and the Temple of the same as the main room.

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The Colossus of Rhodes

The Colossus of Rhodes is the most mysterious one of the seven wonders, because itl only Liushiliunian the lives of earthquake collapsed archaeologists have yet to determine its location and appearance.

The Colossus of Rhode Island is located in the southeastern Aegean Sea, Island of Rhodes on. Classical scholars noted that a similar statue of Colossus mostly erected in the temple next to the Temple of the Sun, but Rhode Island is located in the central hill town on the side of the temple there is no trace of Colossus Shadow, they found an important clue, the great walls of the era Colossus From the town has been extended to the port, that Rhodes is a man built more than half of Hong Kong, also said the new Colossus may be the end of the port walls.
 
The Colossus of Rhode Island cast in 302 BC, is to commemorate the 305 years before Christ occurred in a war. BC 305 BC Alexander, heir to one of the king’s son, Dimitri An Qike. Bo Liao Hackett attempt to seek hegemony, offensive Rhode Island, Rod the people fought bravely to defeat the aggressors and achieve victory in the war. In order to commemorate the victory of Battle, Lord people use weapons seized 12.5 tons of bronze, melted down lasted for 12 years, casting of this statue up to 32 meters in the sun god Helios Colossus. This art form is a Rhodes sculpture art treasures. It is regrettable that in 224 BC was destroyed by an earthquake.

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The Lighthouse of Alexandria

Seven Wonders of the ancient world’s acknowledged there are two in Egypt, one is ranked first among the seven wonders of the Giza pyramids, the other is ranked seventh in the Lighthouse of Alexandria. It does not contain any religion, color, purely for the people in real life and built the lighthouse of Alexandria candle shining in the evening the whole Alexandria, protecting sea vessels, In addition, it also was the tallest building in the world. Lighthouse of Alexandria in Egypt, Alexandria City, site of the French side of Ross Island. 330 BC, the mighty king of Macedonia, Alexander the Great took over Egypt, and in the Nile Delta, north-west end of the Mediterranean south, established a city named after his name. This is a very important strategic position of cities in the next 100 years, it became the capital of Egypt, is the world’s most prosperous cities, but also the entire Mediterranean world and the Middle East, the largest and most importantly, an international transshipment port.

The Lighthouse of Alexandria is 120 meters high, combined with Taki, the entire height of about 135 meters. Tower by three components: The first layer is a square structure, high 60 meters, which more than 300 different sizes of rooms, used as fuel depots, engine room and the staff of the bedroom; second tier is octagonal-shaped structure, 15 m high; third layer is a circular structure, the above 8-meter-high eight stone pillars around the dome light floor. Lamp floor above, stands 8 meters high sun god Helios standing posture bronze statues. The whole lighthouse are using materials such as granite and copper, construction made of light olive oil and wood fuel. The lighthouse area of about 930 square meters. Intelligent designer also uses the principle of reflection, using mirrors to reflect light to the distant sea. This unique lighthouse, brightly lit every night, work diligently for the ports to ship navigation, it gives the helmsman to bring a sense of security.

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The Dead Sea

The Dead Sea in Jordan - Dead Sea trench (560 km,350 years long) the minimum department, is the northern continuation of part of the East African Rift Valley. This is a sinking of the earth’s crust is sandwiched between two parallel between the geological fault scarp. Lake view from the Moab plateau along the eastern edge of the scarp slope smaller than the representative of the Jewish-long wrinkle characteristics of the western scarp clearer.

The Dead Sea is an inland salt lake, located between the Palestinians and Jordan, the Jordan Valley. The West Bank Jewish mountainous, the east coast of the Transjordan plateau. From the north into the West. Jordan into the Dead Sea each year to 540 million cubic meters of water, in addition to four small but perennial water into the river from the east, due to evaporation in summer and winter there are water injection, so the Dead Sea water level has a seasonal change, ranging from 30-60 cm.

The Dead Sea is 80 kilometers long, width at 18 km, the surface area of about 1020 square kilometers, an average depth of 300 meters, the deepest 415 meters. Lake East lisan peninsula the size of the lake is divided into two different shades of the lake basin, north of the area accounted for three quarters, deep 415 meters to the south an average depth of less than 3 meters. No exports, water depends mainly on the West, into the evaporation of water, roughly equal to the highest in the world’s natural salinity of the water body.

As the Dead Sea is located in the disputed Jordan - Palestinian borders, which has not been used for large-scale navigation. Lake barren, long-term settlement very little. Only plug dome of several factories and Cagliari hotels and spas, the western Engedi area there is a kibbutz (Israeli agricultural community). Lakeshore occasionally see a small piece of arable land.

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The Leaning Tower of Pisa

Leaning Tower of Pisa is no doubt an important buildings of architectural history. In the event of a serious tilt before it rounded bold architectural design has been demonstrated to the world of its originality. While the earlier era of Italian bell tower, using a circular foundation design is not uncommon, similar examples can be Ravenna, Tuscany and Umbria to find, but the pizza is considered independent of the clock tower These prototypes, to a greater extent, it is drawing on experience of our predecessors on the basis of the construction, independent design and construction should be development round, has developed a unique style of Pisa.

Leaning Tower of Pisa and Pisa Cathedral form the visual continuity, for example, a round tower design is considered to be the same side of the cathedral building to the formation of the corresponding reflection, so the church deliberately mimic the curve of the apse design. More importantly, the clock tower and the square of the circular structure is consistent emphasis, especially in the magnificent, also laid the foundation stone circular Baptistery, the whole square is deliberately designed to be more like the church of Jerusalem Resurrection (Anastasis) a modern version of the. This design is derived from the classical ancient architecture.

Inherited the clock tower of the decor of the cathedral and the Baptistery classic, marble or limestone-brick walls with shades of two kinds of white belt, Banlu square columns arches, arches carved in the door, long diamond-shaped lattice-ping top, arcade at the top of the wall of the sun’s rays, the formation of bright face and shade the strong contrast between the surface, gives a very heavy cylinder inside the clock tower of the illusion. Cathedral, Baptistery and the bell tower formed between the visual continuity.

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The Eiffel Tower

The Eiffel Tower is one of the symbols of Paris, it is known as the “Iron Lady” by the French people. It and the Empire State Building in New York, Tokyo television tower known as the West with the three most famous ones.

The Eiffel Tower was designed by French architect Gustave Eiffel. The early years he overpass known experts. Countless masterpieces in his life all over the world, but that he was this world-famous tower of his name. In his own words: the Eiffel Tower, “overwhelmed me, as if my life in the construction of her.” At first, the French government in Paris, although the decision to build a big tower the world’s highest, but the funding is only cost 1 / 5. Eiffel for the realization of his designs, had his construction company and all the property mortgaged to the bank as the engineering investment.

After the completion of the Eiffel Tower in the high 300 meters, until 1930, it has always been the tallest building in the world. Today, the tower on the addition of radio and television antennas, and its total height reached 320 meters. Standing tower, the whole of Paris in the foot. Every day tourists from around the world come here to visit. By 1988, the “Iron Lady” has greeted visitors from five continents, 123 million passengers.

The Eiffel Tower has passed through a hundred years, but after the 20th century, after the overhaul of the early 80s style remains the same, stands firmly in the Seine River. It is the pride of all the French people.

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Colosseum

Colosseum is located in the internal structure of horse Luo Luoma center spectacular Roman Colosseum is the time to please the triumphant return of the soldiers and praise the great generals of the ancient Roman empire and built. Colosseum architectural design is not lagging behind the modern aesthetic point of view, in fact, about 2,000 years later, each of a modern stadium is more or less large number of branded on the design style of ancient Rome Colosseum . Today, through films and history books and other media, we can more deeply felt here, then place the brutal fighting between man and beast, and Bo Sha, while all of this, just to sit out of the audience to some of the original but savage pleasure.

Colosseum in the architectural masterpiece of the history of exemplary and miracles, to huge, grand, spectacular known as known to the world. Although now only half the frame, but the majesty of the spirit, boundless the momentum still exist. Colosseum flat oval-shaped, covers an area of about 2 million square meters, 57 meters outside the wall, equivalent to a modern 19-story building height. The building is four-layer structure, the external whole package from the marble, the following three layers of 80 arches, respectively, its cylindrical flavor, in accordance with Doric style, Ionic and Corinthian order of the standard, 4 layer Zeyi little windows, and pilasters decorated. Wrestling the middle market units, long 86 meters wide and 63 meters, is still elliptical, the equivalent of a football field. Wrestling is a cellar below the stage, detained wild beasts and gladiators. Wrestling around Taiwan were divided into three zones stands. Grandstand venue can accommodate a total of more than 50000 spectators, the ground floor there are 80 entrances to ensure that in 15 minutes to 30 minutes to the audience inside 50000 evacuated leave. Study why the architects of the Colosseum, now is still uncertain.

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Hazards of acid rain

Sulfur and nitrogen are nutrients. Acid precipitation of soluble minerals in the ground for plant uptake. Such as the acidity is too high, pH values dropped to 5.6 below, it will cause serious harm. It can make large tracts of forests die, crops withered; also inhibit the decomposition of soil organic matter and nitrogen fixation, leaching and soil ion combination of calcium, magnesium, potassium and other nutrients, so that impoverishment of the soils; also allows the lakes, river acidification, and soil and water soluble heavy metals in sediments into the water, poison fish; accelerated corrosion of buildings and cultural relics and weathering processes; may endanger human health.

The impact of acid rain in Europe and the northeastern United States the most obvious, and were vigorously publicity, but also threatened the area, including Canada, and perhaps California, the Sierra region, the Rocky Mountains and China. In some places, occasionally observed in the rain come down as acid as vinegar. The extent of the impact of acid rain is a debated topic. Pairs of lakes and rivers in the aquatic hazard is the initial focus of attention, but is now recognized to buildings, bridges and equipment hazards of acid rain in other costly consequences. Air pollution effects on human health is the most difficult to quantify determined.

Subject to the greatest danger are those poor buffering capacity of the lake. When there are Trona presence of buffer, acid rain in the acidic compounds (mainly sulfuric acid, nitric acid and a small amount of organic acids) will be neutralized. However, in the granite (acidic) strata on the lakes vulnerable to the direct hazards, due to the acid rain can dissolve the metals aluminum and manganese ions. This can cause the amount of plant and algae growth and decrease, and in some lakes, but also caused the decline or disappearance of fish stocks. Forms of pollution caused by such hazards range of plants, including leaves from the harmful effects of the damage until the fine root system.

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The Rhine

River Rhine is the biggest river in Western Europe. It originated in the northern foot of the Alps in Switzerland, northwest flow through Liechtenstein, Austria, France, Germany and the Netherlands, and finally into the North Sea near Rotterdam. Length of 1320 kilometers, which rises in the Swiss Alps, flows through Germany into the North Sea, the Rhine in Europe, is a well-known international rivers, along the way, Liechtenstein, Austria, France and the Netherlands have left its footprints. Length of 1,390 kilometers (865 miles). Since the 1815 Vienna Conference, it has become an international shipping waterways, navigation is about 869 kilometers (540 miles), as far as Switzerland - German border on the Rheinfelden. Drainage area (including the Delta) in excess of 220,000 square kilometers (85,000 square miles). The Rhine is Germany’s longest river, the Rhine flows through Germany, part of a long 865 kilometers, drainage area accounts for 40% of the total area of Germany. It is the cradle of Germany.

The Rhine is a historic and cultural traditions of the European rivers, is one of the world’s most important industries, one of the transport artery. Navigation of the Rhine is very convenient, is the world’s busiest shipping rivers. More than 1320 km length of the Rhine River, navigable mileage of nearly 900 kilometers, of which about 700 million tons of ocean-going vessel can travel up to 1000 meters. Rhine also through a series of canals and other rivers connected to form a water transport network extending in all directions. Rhine freight rates low and help to lower prices of raw materials, which is the Rhine to become the main axis of the regional industrial production the main cause of ︰ existing 1 / 5 of the world’s chemical products are produced along the Rhine. The Rhine is Europe’s political disputes which had long been a source of pollution is due to the improvement of the international community to focus on ecological protection.

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